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The augur buzzard ( Buteo augur) is a fairly large bird of prey. This species is distinct in typical adult plumage for its blackish back, whitish underside and orange-red tail, while juvenile augur buzzards are generally rather brown in colour; however a dark morph is known, which causes the bird's entire body to become darker. This member of the Buteo genus is distributed in several parts of the central and southern Africa, normally being found from Ethiopia to southern Angola and central Namibia. It is resident and bird migration throughout its range. This is a species of mountains (most typically at about altitude, but up to ), and adjacent savannah and grassland. It is a typical buteonine raptor, being a generalist predator which tends to prefer small supplemented by and among various prey items.Ferguson-Lees, J., & Christie, D. A. (2001). Raptors of the world. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Presently, two subspecies are recognized:
The juvenile augur buzzard is mainly brown above and rufous brown below and on the tail. It may be confused with the steppe buzzard ( Buteo buteo vulpinus), a migratory subspecies of the common buzzard ( Buteo buteo) that overwinters in East and southern Africa. However, the augur is considerably larger and bulkier with broader wings and a heavier flight style and an unbarred undertail. Although not as dark as the adult on the back and upperwing coverts, it is usually noticeably darker than a juvenile steppe buzzard. The adult augur buzzard has white underparts and underwings. The female has black on the lower throat. Juveniles are brown above and buff below, the underparts later becoming white. Juveniles are similar to juvenile but are generally much paler below with bolder carpal patches and more clearly barred secondaries and tail. There is a melanistic form of augur buzzard, all black, except for grey and white flight feathers that are barred black and contrast strongly with the black center and a chestnut tail. About 10% of birds are melanistic, but the proportion rises in forested areas with high rainfall to as much as 50% in some areas. A somewhat similar melanistic morph of jackal buzzard is also known and these birds can be very hard to distinguish, perhaps only told apart by the stronger barring on the melanistic augur pale flight feathers. Dark morph long-legged buzzards may also be confused for melanistic augur buzzards but are clearly more slender in the wing, less blackish on the body and lack the bold rufous tail.Lendrum, A. L. (1979). The augur buzzard in the Matopos, Rhodesia. Ostrich, 50(4), 203-214.
The diet of the augur buzzard is quite varied and opportunistic, as is typical of most Buteo species. It catches most of its prey on the ground, either by still-hunting from perch or swooping down from a soaring flight or, occasionally, from a hovering flight. They may also forage on the ground for both and small . The primary foods for augur buzzards seem to include either small, terrestrial or , chiefly and . Other prey may include small ground (and sometimes the nestlings, fledglings or unwary adults of varied birds), , and road-kill. In Zimbabwe, 59% of the diet was reptiles while the remainder was mostly mammalian, led by Otomys. At one nest site there, lizards made up 35% of the foods and snakes 46%.Irwin, M. P. S. (1981). The birds of Zimbabwe. Quest Pub. In Tanzania, the stomach contents of augur buzzards similarly consisted mostly of assorted rat species and .Loveridge, A. (1923, December). Notes on East African Birds (chiefly nesting habits and endo-parasites) collected 1920–1923. In Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (Vol. 93, No. 4, pp. 899-921). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. In the above Zimbabwe study, the most often taken reptiles recorded the giant plated lizards and common flat lizards but could extend to larger and more dangerous prey such as (though doubtfully large adults) and highly venomous snakes such as Bitis arietans, Causus and Mozambique spitting cobras.Steyn, P. (1983). Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983. Elsewhere Spalacidae may be preferred, such as in Kenya, and these are likely hunted largely from flight as their tendency to stay in the cover of tall grasses makes them difficult to still-hunt.Virani, M. Z. (1999). The breeding ecology and behaviour of the augur buzzard Buteo augur in relation to different land-uses in the southern Lake Naivasha area, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Biology). Occasionally larger prey are hunted including , Chicken, and , although other than rare cases mainly the juveniles of these prey types are targeted (especially in the case of ).Young, T. P., & Matthew, R. E. (1993). Alpine vertebrates of Mount Kenya, with particular notes on the rock hyrax. East Africa Natural History Society.Barry, R. E., & Mundy, P. J. (2015). Fluctuations in bush and rock hyrax (Hyracoidea: Procaviidae) abundances over a 13-year period in the Matopos, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Wildlife Research, 45(1), 17-27.Hockey P. A. R., Dean, W. R. J. & Ryan, P. G. (2005). Roberts - Birds of southern Africa, VIIth ed. The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.
Range and habitat
The augur buzzard is found in eastern and southwestern Africa. Despite its erratic-seeming distribution, it is often common in its range. The augur buzzard is found from eastern Sudan and Ethiopia (also northern Somalia, inhabited by the subspecies B. a. archeri) down through the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, parts of Tanzania into Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, western Angola and west-central Namibia. Despite its wide range in southern Africa it appears to only occur in South Africa as a vagrant.Layard, E. L. (1884). The birds of South Africa. Bernard Quartich. The augur buzzard is found in Woodland edge or light Woodland upland areas but can also range into lowland at sea level (such as in Namibia) and some more mountainous, precipitous areas of eastern Africa. They seem to prefer to hunt in Plateau Savanna, high open moorland, inland cliffs, Arable land sometimes into open forest or desert edges as well. Augur buzzards in east Africa usually live between elevation but normally occur above and have been recorded living at in Ethiopia.
Behaviour
Pairs have noisy aerial displays, including outside the breeding season. Their call is quite different from their cousin, the jackal buzzard, and most other birds of prey, being a harsh, resonant crow-like a-kow a-kow a-kow or a-ung a-ung a-ung, drawn out as aerial display escalates into a longer, higher-pitched a-waaa a-waaa a-waaa.Brown, Leslie and Amadon, Dean (1986) Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World. The Wellfleet Press. . The large (up to wide) stick nest is built in a tree or on a crag, and is often reused and enlarged in subsequent seasons. On average two (sometimes only one and rarely three) creamy or bluish white eggs are laid and incubated by the female only, although food is brought to her on the nest by the male. Augur buzzards exhibit variations in breeding behaviour that appear to correlate with their habitat. In agricultural sites, increased maternal care and paternal foraging results in larger broods and more prey deliveries to nests. Reduced predation pressure from conspecifics and other raptors in agricultural sites as a result of lower inter-/intra-specific interactions may enable the species to maximise provisioning of their young hence potentially increasing productivity. Conversely, in natural sites, males often take on a larger share of incubation while females focus on defending the territory. The eggs hatch in about 40 days. Siblicide is known to occur in augur buzzards. After a further 56–60 days the chicks can attempt flight. At 70 days they become independent of the nest, but young birds may then be seen with the adult pair for some time. As is the case in other tropical raptors, the clutch size is relatively smaller and the reproductive cycle is relatively longer than in related species found in the temperate zones.
Conservation status
The augur buzzard is generally considered to be adaptable to human-modified landscapes and is classified as a species of low conservation concern. However, in areas experiencing rapid anthropogenic development, such as the Lake Naivasha region in Kenya, where Urbanization and agricultural expansion have intensified in recent years, local populations have declined at rates that could qualify the species for regional listing as Vulnerable. There appears to be no direct link between human development and territorial abandonment, rather, abandonment may be associated with direct sources of mortality, such as human persecution, reduced prey availability and electrocutions.
Popular culture
The Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League currently use an augur buzzard named Taima as a live mascot at games. Seattle Seahawks mascot
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